Anaerobic degradation behavior of nonylphenol polyethoxylates in sludge

Anaerobic biodegradation behavior of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs) was investigated. Results showed that terminal electron acceptors, organic matters, initial concentration, and temperature had great influence on the anaerobic biodegradation of NPEOs. Anaerobic biodegradation of NPEOs could be enhanced by adding sulfate or nitrate while this process could be inhibited by adding organic matters. The maximum removal rate increased 1.24 microM d(-1) for each ten micromoles increase in initial concentration. The decrease in temperature caused a sharp decrease in the removal efficiency of NPEOs. The temperature coefficient (PHI) for the anaerobic biodegradation of NPEOs was 0.01 degrees C(-1). Nonylphenol (NP), the typical intermediate of NPEOs, could inhibit the anaerobic biodegradation of NPEOs only at high concentration. However, these environmental factors had no effect on the anaerobic biodegradation pathway of NPEOs. The accumulation of NP and short-chain NPEOs during NPEO biodegradation led to a significant increase in the estrogenic activity during the biodegradation period.     

车内空气中挥发性有机物的研究

采用热脱附-气相色谱/质谱联用法对4辆处于静止状态下的车辆内部空气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行了研究,共定性检出了48种有机物,其中C6～C9之间的组分较多;并对VOCs的总浓度进行了定量,1#～4#车分别为1846、2289、1104和3146 μg/m^3;其中BTEX占VOCs总量的20%～30%;车内VOCs浓度与温度及车辆使用年限密切相关.     

Assessment of population exposure to particulate matter pollution in Chongqing, China

To determine the population exposure to PM(10) in Chongqing, China, we developed an indirect model by combining information on the time activity patterns of various demographic subgroups with estimates of the PM(10) concentrations in different microenvironments (MEs). The spatial and temporal variations of the exposure to PM(10) were illustrated in a geographical information system (GIS). The population weighted exposure (PWE) for the entire population was 229, 155 and 211 microg/m(3), respectively, in winter, summer and as the annual average. Indoor PM(10) level at home was the largest contributor to the PWE, especially for the rural areas where high pollution levels were found due to solid fuels burning. Elder people had higher PM(10) exposure than adults and youth, due to more time spent in indoor MEs. The highest health risk due to particulate was found in the city zone and northeast regions, suggesting that pollution abatement should be prioritized in these areas.     

Sorption of polar and nonpolar organic contaminants by oil-contaminated soil

Sorption of nonpolar (phenanthrene and butylate) and polar (atrazine and diuron) organic chemicals to oil-contaminated soil was examined to investigate oil effects on sorption of organic chemicals and to derive oil–water distribution coefficients (K_oil). The resulting oil-contaminated soil–water distribution coefficients (K_d) for phenanthrene demonstrated sorption-enhancing effects at both lower and higher oil concentrations (C_oil) but sorption-reducing (competitive) effects at intermediate C_oil (approximately 1 g kg⁻¹). Rationalization of the different dominant effects was attempted in terms of the relative aliphatic carbon content which determines the accessibility of the aromatic cores to phenanthrene. Little or no competitive effect occurred for butylate because its sorption was dominated by partitioning. For atrazine and diuron, the changes in K_d at C_oil above approximately 1 g kg⁻¹ were negligible, indicating that the presently investigated oil has little or no effect on the two tested compounds even though the polarity of the oil is much less than soil organic matter (SOM). Therefore, specific interactions with the active groups (aromatic and polar domains) are dominantly responsible for the sorption of polar sorbates, and thus their sorption is controlled by available sorption sites. This study showed that the oil has the potential to be a dominant sorptive phase for nonpolar pollutants when compared to SOM, but hardly so for polar compounds. The results may aid in a better understanding of the role of the aliphatic and aromatic domains in sorption of nonpolar and polar organic pollutants.     

含砷污泥的粉煤灰固化研究

硫酸废水处理系统的中和污泥属于有害废渣,其中As浸出率超标.采用固化的方法处理某冶炼厂硫酸废水中和污泥,发现以水泥∶粉煤灰∶污泥=1∶1∶2的配比固化后,固化块浸出液浓度达到国标规定(1.5 mg/L).研究表明,粉煤灰替代水泥50%可达到较好的固化效果,浸泡24 d后浸出浓度达到稳定值,pH值为7时浸出浓度最小,外加剂对固化有负影响,采用湿养护可获得更好的效果.     

Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of pentachlorophenol in aqueous solution using a TiO2 nanotube film electrode

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotube film electrodes are fabricated by the anodic oxidation method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that these tubes were well aligned and organized into high-density uniform arrays. XRD analysis showed the TiO2 nanotubes to be in the anatase crystal form. The TiO2 nanotube film electrode exhibited increased photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) capability compared to a traditional TiO2 film electrode fabricated using the anodizing method for pentachlorophenol (PCP) degradation in aqueous solution. The bias potential, pH value, and electrolyte concentration were shown to be important factors influencing the degradation of PCP by the PEC method using the TiO2 nanotube film electrode as the working electrode.     

Estimates of ambient background concentrations of trace metals in soils for risk assessment

Site-specific or soil type-specific ambient background concentrations (ABCs) of trace metals in soils are needed for risk assessment. We investigated three different methods for estimating ABCs in soils using a dataset of 5691 soil samples from England and Wales. The concentrations of Co, Cr and Ni were strongly associated with Al and Fe, and multiple regressions explained 62-85% of their variation, and Al and Fe can therefore be used to predict ABCs for these metals. Soil texture had a major influence on the concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn, and the medians were 3-5 fold higher in clayey than in sandy soils. This was used to predict texture-specific ABCs. Lead concentration was higher in acidic peaty soils than in other soils. A probability graph method was used to estimate ABC for Pb in a population of relatively uncontaminated soils. Potential applications of ABCs are discussed.     

Enhancement of heavy metal accumulation by tissue specific co-expression of iaaM and ACC deaminase genes in plants

The aerobic riboflavin (Rf)-sensitized photodegradation of the endocrine disruptor 4,4'-isopropylidenebisphenol (bisphenol A, BPA), and of the related compounds 4,4'-isopropylidenebis(2,6-dibromophenol) and 4,4'-isopropylidenebis(2,6-dimethylphenol) has been studied in water and water-methanol mixtures through visible-light continuous photolysis, polarographic detection of oxygen uptake, stationary and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, time-resolved near-IR phosphorescence detection and laser flash photolysis techniques. Bisphenols (BPs) quench excited singlet and triplet states of Rf, with rate constants close to the diffusion limit. BPs and dissolved molecular oxygen, employed in similar concentrations, competitively quench triplet excited Rf. As a consequence, superoxide radical anion and singlet molecular oxygen (O(2)((1)Delta(g))) are produced by electron- and energy-transfer processes, respectively, as demonstrated by auxiliary experiments employing selective quenchers of both oxidative species and the exclusive O(2)((1)Delta(g)) generator Rose Bengal. As a global result, the photodegradation of Rf is retarded, whereas BPs are degraded, mainly by an O(2)((1)Delta(g))-mediated mechanism, which constitutes a relatively efficient process in the case of BPA. Oxidation, dimerization and fragmentation products have been identified in the photooxidation of BPA. Results indicate that BPs in natural waters can undergo spontaneous photodegradation under environmental conditions in the presence of adequate photosensitizers.     

氧化沟反应器流体力学特性的数值模拟与实验研究

采用CFD数值计算和体视PIV测试相结合的方法研究卡鲁塞尔氧化沟反应器流场特性。探索复杂边界条件下反应器流场的模拟方法，采用体视PIV技术分别测量了反应器直道、弯道处三维全场流速；研究不同位置处纵、横、垂三向的流动结构和沿程分布特点。结果表明，模拟与实验结果较吻合；纵、垂两向的流动分布是决定沟内水力特性的主要因素；横、垂两向的流动是决定污泥沉积位置的主要因数；外沟靠近曝气叶轮直道段的流速分布上大下小，在低速区底部易发生污泥沉积；外沟远离曝气叶轮直道段流速分布上小下大，利于防止泥水分离；弯道段受横比降和横向环流的影响，内侧容易形成低速区或停滞区而发生污泥沉积。     

填埋垃圾腐殖质组成在填埋场稳定度表征中的应用

通过对上海老港生活垃圾填埋场1991-2004年封场单元填埋垃圾腐殖质组成的分析,考察了填埋垃圾中腐殖质组成随填埋龄的变化规律.研究结果表明,填埋垃圾腐殖质的总可提取率和胡敏酸(HA)与富里酸(FA)比值(HA/FA)分别随填埋龄呈线性下降和上升趋势.因此,填埋垃圾总可提取率和HA/FA可用来有效表征填埋场和填埋垃圾稳定度.